1018年范冰冰 女同，辽朝的一位年仅18岁的契丹公主耗损，被安葬在驸马的身边。她的丈夫比她年长近20岁，在前一年刚刚耗损，两东谈主大婚还不及两年。
他们的墓葬位至今天中国东北部内蒙古自治区的通辽市，在哪里，这对佳偶静静地躺了快要一千年。
In 1018， a princess of China’s Liao Dynasty (916-1125) died， at the tender age of 18， and was laid to rest beside her husband， almost 20 years her senior who died the previous year， barely two years into their marriage. There they lay undisturbed for nearly a millennium in a corner of the modern-day Inner Mongolia autonomous region in North China.
苏州博物馆“朔方有佳东谈主——内蒙古自治区文物考古接头院辽代女性文物展”中展出的金面具
这个安息之所于1986年被发现，并战栗了中国的考古界：四肢辽朝总揽阶层最高档第的贵族成员，公主和驸马的合葬墓中满是金和鎏金的饰品，包括遮蔽在他们脸上的两张纯金覆面。
When their resting place was finally discovered by archaeologists in 1986， the couple， both among the highest nobility of Liao’s ruling class， proved their capacity to dazzle， with everything that glittered， including two gold masks covering their faces.
金面具，内蒙古通辽市陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土，出土时遮蔽于公主的面部
其中公主所戴的这件覆面，当今正在苏州博物举办的名为《朔方有佳东谈主》的展览中展出，展览于6月30日截止。
策展东谈主许鑫城用一百余件来自内蒙古自治区文物考古接头院的精细展品，诠释了一个对于辽代贵族女性的故事。基于她们的极端身份，这些女性确实无一例外地为连接辽朝总揽阶层里面的政事定约施展了作用。
Today， one of the masks， as worn by the princess， is on view at the Suzhou Museum in Suzhou city， East China’s Jiangsu province， in an exhibition titled La Bella in the Northern Land. “These were no average beauties， but princesses and royal consorts whose elevated status meant much more than a luxurious lifestyle，” says Xu Xincheng， the exhibition’s curator. With more than 100 exhibits， all from the Research Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region， Xu intends to tell — to use his own words — “the little-known stories of these noble women， almost all of whom had a role to play in the support and continuation of a political alliance lying at the heart of Liao’s imperial rule”.
苏博的展览诠释了一个关系中国辽代女性的故事
这种定约不错雅致到辽朝立朝之初：辽朝的第一位天子耶律阿保机在崛起的经由中，受到了一样贪图勃勃的浑家述律平过头家眷的迫切撑捏。阿保机曾自比汉高祖刘邦，而述律平家眷以及阿保机的母族其后都被改姓了萧，意在效仿汉高祖刘邦的肱骨之臣萧何。
That alliance can be traced back to the very beginning of the Liao Dynasty， whose first emperor Yelyu Abaoji received crucial backing from his equally ambitious wife， Shulyu Ping， and her family. The latter group later adopted the surname Xiao， modeling themselves on Xiao He， the right-hand man of Liu Bang， founder of the Han Dynasty (206 BC-AD 220) in whom Abaoji saw himself.
“自当时起，辽朝皇后，除一例外，都姓萧。骨子上，不错绝不夸张地说，确实每一位耶律氏皇族成员都与一位萧氏后族成员相王人集，反之亦然。这种安排的势必成果，即是长短不一致使令当代东谈主嗅觉匪夷所念念的婚配和家庭关系。”策展东谈主说。“刚刚提到的这位公主，她的祖父是辽朝的第五位天子，而她的丈夫萧绍矩则是她的舅舅。”
“Ever since then， all of the Liao empresses — main wife to the Liao emperors — were surnamed Xiao with only one notable exception. In fact， it’s not exaggerating to say that almost every Yelyu had married a Xiao， and vice versa. The resulting familial relations could be absolutely daunting from a modern perspective，” says Xu， referring to the marriage between the princess whose paternal grandfather was the fifth emperor of Liao， and her husband， Xiao Shaoju， who was also the princess’ maternal uncle.
嵌水晶绿松石蟾蜍形金限制，出土于通辽市吐尔基山辽墓，墓主被合计有可能是辽太祖耶律阿保机的妹妹余庐睹姑公主，限制出土时佩带于墓主手指上
确实通盘女性都对好意思这件事情有着好学不倦的追求，展览中的几位女主角儿们也不例外。从那位公主的墓中——从墓志中得知，她被封为陈国公主——出土了一只龙纹鎏金银奁。发刻下，银奁里装有几个较小的银盒，其中两个盒子里面残留的白色或玄色粉末被考古职责主谈主员合计是脂粉。
访佛的物品在通辽吐尔基山辽墓也有出土。该墓的墓主是一位30-35岁足下的女性，一些接头东谈主员合计有可能是耶律阿保机的妹妹余庐睹姑公主。
Few aristocratic ladies would treat matters of beauty casually， certainly not the show’s protagonists. From the tomb of the princess — more commonly known as the Princess of the State (fiefdom) of Chen — came a dragon-embossed gilt silver makeup case which， upon its discovery， yielded several smaller silver cases， some tainted with residues of face powder and blush. Similar items， decorated with dragon， phoenix and lion patterns， have been found from the tomb — also located in Inner Mongolia — of a lady whom some researchers suggest was a sister of Abaoji， a member of the nomadic Khitan people.
“金银器由于其便携性，在辽代社会的贵族生涯中占据了迫切地位，这少量也适用于包括古代突厥在内的其他亚欧草原游牧民族。”参与了几座迫切辽代墓葬发掘职责的内蒙古自治区文物考古接头院副院长盖志勇说。
龙纹金花银妆奁，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土
银盒，出土时置于龙纹金花银妆奁内，其中一盒内残留白色粉末，另外一盒内装有一块已变色的黑褐色胭脂
而在金银器制作方面，辽代平直管到了也曾无比广漠的唐王朝（618-907）的影响。唐朝曾于648年在契丹之地置松漠都督府，而当唐朝在安史之乱由盛转衰直至消一火时，照旧斡旋了契丹各部落的阿保机收拢契机，性爱图于唐一火九年后的916年树立了辽。
“Gold and silver wares， thanks partly to their portability， featured prominently in the aristocratic life of the Liao society， as it did with other nomadic groups， the ancient Turkic people for example，” says Gai Zhiyong， deputy director of the Research Institute of Cultural Relics and Archaeology of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region who’s closely involved in the excavation of several prominent Liao tombs. In that respect， Liao had come under the direct influence of the once-powerful Tang Dynasty (618-907)， which in 648 made the traditional Khitan land its protectorate. When the fortunes of Tang started to wane， Abaoji， who had united the various Khitan tribes， rose to seize the opportunity， establishing the rule of Liao in 916.
范冰冰 女同
东谈主物纹八棱金杯，吐尔基山辽墓出土
伎乐纹八棱金杯，陕西西安何家村唐代窖藏出土，与辽墓出土的金杯一样，都带有显然的域外造型和遮挡立场
据盖志勇所说，由于唐代古丝绸之路买卖的欢叫，唐朝的金银器除剿袭了华夏的传统外，还时常带有“他乡”的钤记，比如粟特和萨珊波斯的立场。而策展东谈主许鑫城则合计，唐代的绽开性和外西化对辽的影响潜入。展览中的一些琥珀、水晶和玻璃成品被合计极有可能来自波罗的海地区、阿拉伯地区或是拜占庭帝国。
“One of the things Liao had inherited from Tang was the gold and silver making tradition which， thanks to the flourishing of the Ancient Silk Road trade during the Tang time， had come to bear multiple stylistic imprints ranging from Chinese to Sogdian and Sassanian，” says Gai. However， according to Xu， “it was the spirit of internationalism that must have counted as Tang’s single most important bequest to Liao”.
琥珀项链，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土
“很多这么的物资文化交流是通过草原丝绸之路进行的，这条阶梯向西延长穿越欧亚草原，直达地中海地区将辽朝与沿路的其他文化谋划起来。在辽总揽时期，传统的丝绸之路的西域段是被与其关系垂危的西夏王朝所占据的，在这种情况下，草原丝路成为辽与外界疏浚的迫切通谈。”许鑫城说。
Pointing to all the agate bracelets， amber necklaces as well as crystal and glass ware that are on view at the exhibition， the curator says: “Some of them may have come from the Baltic Sea region， the Middle East or the Byzantine Empire. Many of these exchanges were conducted along what’s known today as the Steppe Silk Road which， extending westward across the Eurasian Steppe， linked Liao with other cultures along the way.”
乳钉纹高颈玻璃瓶，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土
文化的交融性也体当今精神界限。跟随陈国公主入葬的鎏金银冠顶上遮挡有玄门的太初天尊，而吐尔基山辽墓中则发现了一双嵌入绿松石的摩竭造型的金耳坠。摩竭发祥与印度，跟着释教传入中国，况兼在中国演化为一种龙首鱼身的形象，时常出当今饰物和器物的遮挡纹样中。墓主本东谈主被合计是一位女萨满，头上佩带着标明萨满巫师身份的金头箍。
The same hybridity could be found in the spiritual realm. While the gilt silver crown that had accompanied the Princess of the State of Chen in death features a Taoist deity on top， the pair of turquoise-embedded gold earrings from that suspected sister of Abaoji were Makara-shaped. Makara is a dragon-headed， fish-bodied mythical animal first introduced into China along with Buddhism. The latter was also believed to be a female shaman， her identity indicated by， among other things， her gold headband that was typically worn by Liao shaman priests.
高翅鎏金银冠，冠顶缀玄门太初天尊造像，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土，出土时置于公主头部上方左侧
哥要搞
嵌入绿松石摩竭形金耳坠，吐尔基山辽墓出土
谈到陈国公主和驸马时，密歇根州立大学历史学老师琳达·库克·约翰逊（Linda Cooke Johnson）在她的书中写谈：“公主和她的丈夫衣服整王人，似乎不错随时一跃上马，飞驰于他们封国的遍及草原上。”合葬墓中发现了确实是这对佳偶在游牧生涯中可能需要的一切，包括颇似当代西方骑马靴的鎏金银靴，以及多样马具，致使还有一面铜燧用于生火，以及一块出土时套于驸马左臂之上的玉臂鞲（盾形物），听说是供猎鹰每次复返主东谈主身边时停歇所用。
When discussing the final resting place for the Princess of the State of Chen and her husband， Linda Cooke Johnson， the professor of history at Michigan State University， wrote in her book that “the princess and her consort were dressed and equipped to mount their steeds and ride off across the steppes of their fiefdom.” Found in their burial chamber were almost everything the couple might need for a pastoral life， including gilt silver boots worn that resembled “modern Western riding boots” to quote Johnson， as well as various horse gear — gilt copper chest traps， bridles and stirrups for example. There’s even a copper burning mirror for starting a fire， and a jade arm shield on which a hunting eagle could alight every time it returned to its master.
凤纹金花银靴，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土，出土时穿于公主银丝足网除外
成书于元代的《辽史》中纪录，“辽以鞍马为家，后妃时常长于射御，军旅野猎，未始不从。”
“The Liao people lived on horseback， even empresses and royal concubines were accomplished archers and riders who followed their husbands in military campaigns as well as leisure hunting trips，” says the exhibition’s curator Xu Xincheng， quoting Liaoshi， or The Annals of Liao， compiled during the mid-14th century.
四肢辽朝的建国皇后，述律平在其夫阿保机走向权利巅峰的经由中起着至关迫切的作用。事实上，不管是在战场上如故在辽廷浓烈的政事战役中，她都不放过任何一个给敌东谈主致命一击的契机。
镶玉银带，垂挂于鞍座足下两侧的鞍翅上，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土
述律平（应天太后）迥殊的军事和政事智力似乎被未来的辽朝皇后，尤其是她我方的曾孙女萧绰所剿袭。四肢辽朝第五位天子辽景宗的浑家，萧绰在景宗耗损后奉其遗诏为我方年仅11岁的犬子辽圣宗居摄，并在而后主政辽朝长达27年，直至1009年耗损前不久。值得一提的是，萧绰（承天太后）亦是陈国公主的祖母，公主的尊崇地位由此也可见一斑。
Playing an indispensable role in her husband’s highly controversial ascendance to power， Shulyu Ping， the founding empress of Liao， had almost never failed to deliver fatal blows to her foes， on and off the battleground. Her remarkable military skills and political maneuvering were passed on to future imperial wives of Liao， most notably her own great-granddaughter Xiao Chuo， who was in turn the paternal grandmother of the Princess of State of Chen. Wife to the fifth emperor of Liao， Xiao Chuo acted as the powerful regent for her teenage emperor son upon the death of her husband， and effectively presided over the Liao court for 27 years until her own passing in 1009.
1004年秋，太后萧绰与辽圣宗亲率雄师南下深入宋境。1005岁首，宋辽在澶州（河南濮阳）签订合约，截止了两边长达二十五年的干戈，史称“澶渊之盟”。而后的一百年，宋辽边境基本处于和平气象。而御戎澶渊同期也主导了宋辽停战的萧太后，既可统治全军，同期又是和平的缔造者。
Equally celebrated as a warrior and a peacemaker， Xiao commanded armies during Liao’s prolonged war with its neighbor， the Northern Song Dynasty (960-1127)， before allowing a peace treaty to be signed that ushered in approximately a century of relative peace for the two major powers.
总体而言，相较于汉族东谈主口占主体的、以儒家文化为主导的北宋社会来说，辽代社会的性别单干要恶浊得多。然则，宋辽之间的密切来回，尤其是在澶渊之盟签订后，使得华夏儒家文化飞速渗透到契丹社会中，对其生涯习尚和不雅念都产生了影响。在接头了一些出土的辽代女性墓志铭后，约翰逊老师合计，在辽代，将女性的受栽植进度与女德谋划在一起，照旧相比常见了。
On the whole， gender division was less closely observed in the Liao society than it was in Northern Song， dominated by the Han Chinese. However， strong elements of the Han Chinese culture did make their way into the life of Khitans， giving rise to， among other things， a tendency to “link education with (feminine) virtue” to quote Johnson， who studied the epitaphs of Liao women.
在苏州博物馆展出的展品中，有一件玉水盂和一方玉砚，两者都是典型的汉族士医师文房用品，都出当今陈国公主和驸马合葬墓中。
On display at the Suzhou Museum exhibition are a beautifully carved jade water container and a jade ink-stone， items typically belonging to the study of a Han Chinese scholar. Both were from the burial chamber of the princess and her husband.
玉水盂和玉砚，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土
1974年，在中国东北辽宁省沈阳市叶茂台镇发现了一座辽代古墓，墓主东谈主是一位年长的女性。她身上契丹立场的衣饰，金丝刻丝面的靴子和墓葬一间侧室里存放着的马具彰显了这位墓主东谈主的契丹身份。然则吊挂在她棺室中的两幅保存圆善的立轴绢画——这亦然面前辽墓中出土的仅有的两幅绢画——都标明了她对中语化是抱有极大的关注的。
In 1974， a Liao Dynasty tomb was discovered in the town of Yemaotai in Northeast China’s Liaoning province. The deceased — an elderly woman — was dressed in Khitan style with gilt silver riding boots on her feet and horse equipment stored in one of the side chambers. However， the piles of scroll books lining the tomb’s interior walls and the two exceptionally well-preserved hanging scroll paintings that had been rolled up and placed in her coffin left little doubt as to the seriousness of her engagement with classical Chinese culture.
绢画《竹雀双兔图》和《深山会棋图》，辽宁沈阳法库叶茂台七号辽墓出土，迄今为止，辽墓出土的绢画仅此两幅
在合葬墓中，陈国公主与驸马躺在归拢块石棺床上，她的的腰部位置出土了多样物品，其中除了玉石和琥珀挂饰外，还有镂空联想的金荷包和一个錾花金针筒。
鸿雁形盒琥珀佩饰，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土
镂花金荷包，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土，出土时置于公主腰部左侧
錾花金针筒，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土，出土时置于公主腰部左侧
此外还有一双带链的小金盒，据策展东谈主说，可能是盛放脂粉的容器，挂在腰间，便于公主在出门骑马的时期随时通俗地补妆。
Sharing the same stone funerary bed with her husband， the Princess of the State of Chen had a miscellany of things dangling from her waist. These included， apart from jade and amber pendants， a cylindrical gold sewing case for needles， and a gold pouch whose openwork design was possibly influenced by the Northern Song style. There was also a pair of small gold cases with attaching chains. “These could be face powder containers， allowing the princess to give her makeup a few touch-ups without having to get off the saddle，” says Xu.
八曲联弧形金盒，陈国公主与驸马合葬墓出土，出土时置于公主腰部右侧，或为粉盒
在出土的墓志铭中，这位芳龄18岁就匆促中谢世的公主被描述为兼具腾贵的风度和柔和的品格。（“玉德琢成，静含温润，兰仪秀出，动发英华”） 孩提时期她灵敏敏感。（“公主幼而聪辩。”）
也许正因如斯，撰写铭文的东谈主才在文末发出“自古东谈主虽皆有死，陈国公主太夭年”的赞扬。
陈国公主墓志拓片
In her stone-inscribed epitaph， the highborn princess， who died at 18， was said to have carried herself with a combination of dignity and humbleness. “She adhered reverently to feminine virtues”， read the epitaph， the words reminiscent of Confucian teachings. Yet as a child， she was “smart and skilled in argument”. “The end comes to all， but for the princess， it has arrived a little too soon，” the final sentence of the epitaph went.
记者：赵旭
裁剪：左卓范冰冰 女同
